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| An inflamed cavity in the tissue where pus accumulates. |
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| The movement of a substance from the site of administration into the bloodstream. |
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| The ability of the bladder wall to stretch as the bladder fills. |
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| Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS |
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| A syndrome caused by infection by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). |
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| Mechanisms that an individual develops after birth that defend against foreign substances. |
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| Assisting in the prevention, improvement, or cure of disease. |
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| A substance released into the bloodstream by the adrenal glands that cause the heart to beat faster. |
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| Any negative medical occurrence in a patient which does not necessarily relate to treatment. |
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| Using oxygen for metabolism. |
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| Fine particles dispersed in a gas or air. |
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| A force or substance that causes a change. |
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| Sensation of breathlessness or suffocation; common sensation experienced by asthma patients. |
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| Related to food or nourishment. |
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| The passageway from the mouth to the anus. |
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| A trigger that induces the immune response. |
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| The process by which a substance triggers an immune response. |
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| A physician who treats allergic diseases. |
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| A general term describing the immune response to certain substances, which leads to inflammation and the other effects common to this affliction. |
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| Bubble-like air sacs in the lungs. |
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| A lack of oxygen in the blood due to a shortage of red blood cells. Results in fatigue and breathlessness. |
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| Not using oxygen for metabolism. |
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| 1. Total or partial loss of sensation. 2. A drug given to cause same. |
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| A medication that relieves pain. |
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| An expansion or bulging of an artery wall due to thinning of the wall. |
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| Diminished appetite or aversion to food. |
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| Reduced oxygen levels in the tissues. |
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| Situated nearer to the front part of the body. |
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| An infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium bacillus anthracis. It can occur in three forms. |
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| A protein that is involved in the destruction of disease-causing agents. The human body is capable of generating over a trillion different antibodies. |
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| Any substance capable of stimulating the production of antibodies. |
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| The main artery supplying oxygen-rich blood to the body; largest artery in the body. |
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| Temporary cessation of breathing. |
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| The pigmented area surrounding the nipple. |
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| Any of the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. |
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| A respiratory condition characterised by difficulty in breathing, constriction in the chest and often coughing or gasping. |
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| The first chamber on either side of the heart which receives blood from the veins. |
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| An abnormality of a cell. |
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| The second stage of a migraine. Symptoms include visual disturbances, speech problems, numbness or tingling on one side. |
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| The part of the nervous system responsible for the control of automatic bodily functions. |
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| The primary fibre of a nerve cell; the axon is the main route of transmission of impulses along a nerve. |
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| Single-celled organisms containing a simple DNA structure. Bacteria is plural; bacterium is singular. |
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| An element that, when added to water, is opaque to x-rays and used for examination of the alimentary canal. |
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| Thick, greenish-brown fluid that aids in digestion. |
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| A technique where patients are given visual or audio cues to physiological responses such as heart rate. The patients can then learn to control such responses. |
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| Surgical removal of a small sample of tissue for examination to detect disease or the presence of certain substances. The word is also used to describe the sample itself. |
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| Any of several mood disorders characterised usually by alternating episodes of depression and mania or by episodes of depression alternating with mild nonpsychotic excitement. |
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| A procedure in which one or more parties to a clnical trial are kept unaware of the treatment assignment(s). |
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| Referring to a property of blood vessel cells in the central nervous system that keeps certain substances from entering the brain tissue. |
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| A mass of chewed food that is ready to be swallowed. |
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| Dense, hard, connective tissue that forms the majority of the skeleton of vertebrae animals. |
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| Soft tissue in the centre of certain bones that produces blood cells. |
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| Structure at the base of the brain that controls basic body functions such as respiration and heart rate. |
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| Irritation of the large airways (bronchi) due to infection or other causes. |
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| A surgical procedure in which a new pathway for the flow of body fluids is created. |
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| Pouch-like structure that connects the small and large intestines. |
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| Tissue hardening as a result of calcium deposition. |
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| Microscopic blood vessels that emerge from the arterioles to form a network that reaches nearly every cell in the body. |
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| The gas by-product of exhaling. |
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| A chemical substance or physical agent that can transform a healthy cell into a cancerous cell. |
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| The evolution of an invasive cancer from a normal cell. |
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| The heart, blood vessels, and the blood. Supplies oxygen to all parts of the body and removes waste materials. |
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| Eight small bones of the wrist joint, arranged in two rows of 4 bones each. They connect the metacarpal bones of the hand with the radius and ulna of the forearm. |
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| Flexible, supportive tissue composed of cells and fibres; found chiefly in the joints, the thorax, and various rigid tubes, such as the larynx and trachea. |
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| Progressive condition characterised by an abnormal loss of transparency of the lens of the eye; can lead to blindness if not treated. |
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| Thin, flexible tube inserted into a body cavity or vessel. |
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| To cut skin or tissues using electric current; also used for sealing small blood vessels that are bleeding. |
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| A DNA strand copied from mRNA. |
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| The simplest structural unit of life that is capable of functioning on its own. |
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| The cycle of events that regulate cell division. |
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| Outside boundary of a human cell. |
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| Part of the cell that contains the cell's genetic material. |
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| The brain and spinal cord. |
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| Area at the back of the brain that coordinates muscle movements. |
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| The largest and mostly highly evolved part of the brain; concerned with higher functions. |
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| The opening of the uterus. |
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| Receptor that detects chemical changes in the blood. |
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| A type of bacteria that causes a common sexually transmitted disease, whose symptoms include painful urination and mild, mucus-like discharge. |
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| A type of lipid used by the body to make cell membranes, bile, and steroid hormones. |
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| Each linear strand of DNA and associated proteins; found in the nucleus of animal cells. |
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| A health-related condition persisting over time. |
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| Semi-fluid mixture of gastric secretions and partially-digested food that passes from the stomach to the small intestine. |
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| Minute, hairlike structures on the surface of microorganisms that produce movement. Cilia is plural; cilium is singular. |
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| Body system made of the heart and blood vessels responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and waste products throughout the body via the blood. |
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| Disease of the liver, frequently caused by alcohol abuse. |
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| Clinical study Clinical trial |
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| Any investigation in human subjects intended to |
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| The portion of the vulva composed of erectile tissue and packed with nerve endings. |
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| A population of genetically identical cells or DNA molecules. |
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| The formation of clones or exact genetic replicas. |
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| Multiple short attacks of very severe unilateral head pain. Associated symptoms (e.g. watering eye, red eye, running nose etc.) usually occur on the same side as the headache. |
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| A unit of three consecutive bases in DNA. |
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| Inflammation of the colon. |
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| Protein fibres forming the majority of connective tissue, cartilage, and bone in the body. |
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| Endoscopic examination of the colon. |
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| Capable of being transmitted from human to human. |
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| An agent employed to improve the visualisation of body tissues by X-rays and other imaging techniques. |
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| Either of two arteries that arise one from the left and one from the right side of the aorta. |
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| The outermost area of the brain, responsible for conscious perception, thought, and action. |
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| Describes treatment given with the intention of curing the disease. |
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| Bluish; cyanotic tissues are usually poorly supplied with oxygen. |
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| A closed sac having a distinct membrane and developing abnormally in a body cavity or structure. |
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| Drug that constricts blood vessels and thereby reduces swelling and congestion in the nose. |
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| Ejection of solid waste material from the body through the anus. |
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| One of many projections from the neuron cell body that receive incoming transmissions from other cells. |
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| Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA |
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| Genetic material present in all cells responsible for producing proteins. |
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| A mental disorder characterised by severe feelings of sadness, hopelessness and despair, whose severity is out of proportion to any actual event or condition that may have caused them. |
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| Any of several metabolic disorders marked by excessive discharge of urine and persistent thirst. |
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| Procedure that filters blood and removes waste products by passing blood through a special machine that acts as an "external kidney". |
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| Broad, dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and generates most of the work of breathing. |
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| Loose, watery stools occurring more than three times in one day |
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| Group of organs involved in the ingestion and processing of food. |
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| Examination of the prostate gland by the insertion of a finger into the rectum to feel the gland's size, shape and mobility. |
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| An acute infectious condition whose symptoms include sore throat, fever, cough, difficulty breathing and apnoea. |
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| Farthest from the point of origin. |
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| A substance or drug that tends to increase the discharge of urine. |
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| A substance in the brain that affects patterns of thought. |
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| Study design in which neither the patients nor the investigators know whether a patient is being given the active drug or a placebo. |
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| A chemical substance that affects a biological process. |
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| The relatively short beginning segment of the small intestine that receives partially digested food from the stomach and connects to the jejunum. |
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| The tough, outermost membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord. |
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| Severe, bloody or mucus-streaked diarrhoea. |
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| Shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing. |
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| Graphic record of the heart's electrical activity. |
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| The use of sound waves to image internal structures such as the heart and great vessels. |
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| Non-contagious skin inflammation characterised by redness, itching, and crusted lesions. |
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| Swelling caused by retention of fluid within a tissue. |
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| A substance that dissociates in water (or other solvents) into ions, and is thus capable of conducting electricity. |
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| Sudden arterial blockage by a clot or other material carried by the bloodstream. |
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| An agent that causes vomiting. |
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| Lung disease in which small air sacs and adjacent small airways are destroyed, decreasing the surface area available for gas exchange; most commonly caused by cigarette smoking. |
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| Peculiar to or prevalent in a particular place or region. |
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| The inner lining of the heart. |
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| A diagnostic technique that uses a flexible video tube to view and perform biopsy of the esophagus and other digestive organs. |
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| A liquid introduced into the bowel via the rectum. |
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| Any complex protein which induces or speeds up a biochemical reaction without being changed in the process. |
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| A community-acquired infection that occurs in large numbers of people simultaneously. |
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| The study of the distribution of diseases within populations. |
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| Most superficial layer of the three layers of skin. |
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| Situated upon or administered outside the dura mater. |
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| Cells that function as tissue coverings and that are connected to one another by a cementing substance. |
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| A hormone secreted by the kidneys that increases the volume of blood. |
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| Muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. |
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| Swelling caused by retention of fluid within a tissue. |
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| Familial Hemiplegic Migraine FHM |
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| An inherited type of migraine. Symptoms include |
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| The fibrous tissue between structures in the body, such as muscles. |
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| Of or relating to the femur or thigh. |
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| Whip-like tails that are extensions of bacterial cell walls and provide movement. |
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| The largest division of the brain. Carries out complex activities like learning, reasoning and memory. |
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| Any structure containing a collection of nerve cell bodies and often also containing numbers of synapses. Ganglion is singular; ganglia is plural. |
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| Tissue death due to inadequate blood supply. |
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| Segments of material that carry the codes for reproducing proteins in specific sequences; the genetic material that makes up chromosomes. |
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| The complete genetic content of an organism. |
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| The analysis of the entire genome of a chosen organism. |
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| The level of organism classification just above species. |
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| Simple sugar that is an important source of energy in the body. |
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| A common sexually transmitted disease. |
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| Recurrent acute arthritis of peripheral joints. Often presents as pain and swelling confined to one joint. The big toe joint is commonly affected. |
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| Gynaecologic Gynaecology Gynecologic Gynecology |
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| Related to the female reproductive organs. |
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| Localised, abnormal mass of blood outside blood vessels. |
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| Extensive, rapid blood loss. |
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| A protein found in red blood cells that has a strong affinity for oxygen. |
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| An allergy triggered by seasonal allergen, such as tree pollen. |
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| A condition in which the heart fails to pump an adequate supply of blood to the body tissues, often resulting in fluid accumulation in the lungs and/or lower extremities. |
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| The number of heartbeats per minute. |
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| A burning sensation below the breastbone that radiates toward the throat or mouth. |
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| Inflammation of the liver. |
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| The section of the brain that regulates the reflexes and contains the root of the trigeminal nerve, which is important in transmitting the pain associated with headaches. |
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| A hormone released by the body during allergic reaction that stimulates gastric secretion and causes dilation of capillaries, constriction of bronchial smooth muscle, and decreased blood pressure. |
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| HIV human immunodeficiency virus |
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| The general name for a family of retroviruses that cause Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). |
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| Constant internal environment that adjusts to external forces. |
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| A substance, produced by one tissue (or type of cell) that travels through the blood from one site in the body to another, where it stimulates specific chemical actions. |
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| Network of cells and organs that protects the body from outside invaders. |
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| The process by which a normally vulnerable host can be made resistant to an infectious disease, usually by administration of a vaccine. |
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| In the original position. |
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| Occurring outside the living organism; typically an experiment performed in a test tube or other artificially designed environment. (Compare with in vivo). |
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| Occurring within a living organism. (Compare with in vitro). |
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| The mating of closely related individuals. |
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| Tissue death as a result of ischaemia. |
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| The process in which the body is invaded by microorganisms, which then multiply within the tissues. |
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| The lower branch of the vena cava, the large vein that returns deoxygenated blood from the trunk and legs to the right side of the heart. |
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| Cellular and chemical reaction that occurs in body tissues in response to injury or irritation from a physical, chemical, or biologic agent. |
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| The introduction of cells into a specific environment in order to start a culture. |
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| A hormone made by the islet cells of the pancreas; insulin controls the levels of glucose in the blood. |
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| The main blood vessel supplying blood to the brain. |
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| Innermost layer of a blood vessel. |
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| Inherent; part of the essential nature. |
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| Placement of a breathing tube into the trachea, usually via the mouth, to assist breathing. |
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| 1) Medical procedures requiring introduction of an instrument into the body. 2) Marked by the tendency to spread, especially into healthy tissue. |
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| A pharmaceutical form of an active ingredient or placebo being tested or used as a reference in a clinical trial. |
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| A person responsible for the conduct of the clinical trial at a trial site. If a trial is conducted by a team of individuals at a trial site, the investigator is the responsible leader of the team and may be called the principal investigator. |
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| A compilation of the clinical and nonclinical data on the investigational product(s) which is relevant to the study of the investigational product(s) in human subjects. |
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| An insufficient supply of blood to cells leading to a lack of oxygen and subsequent injury. If it is severe enough it will result in permanent damage; necrosis and scarring of the tissue. |
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| The middle section of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum. |
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| Insoluble protein which is a constituent of the epidermis, hair, nails, and other tissues. |
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| The portion of the vulva that consists of two sets of tissue folds composed of fat and containing numerous glands. |
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| The formation or secretion of milk. |
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| Large intestine, including the caecum, colon, and rectum. |
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| LES LOS lower esophageal sphincter |
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| The opening that separates the lower part of the oesophagus from the stomach. |
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| Areas of tissue with impaired function as a result of disease or injury. |
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| Any of a group of malignant diseases in which the bone marrow and other blood-forming organs produce increased numbers of leucocytes. |
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| A strong fibrous band of tissue that connects two bones at a joint, increasing stability and limiting movement to certain directions only. |
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| Large, glandular organ that manufactures blood proteins, filters blood, regulates glucose metabolism, and manufactures bile to assist in the digestion of fats. |
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| Surgical removal of a lung lobe or lobes. |
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| The part of the body of a human or a quadruped that is situated on each side of the spinal column between the hipbone and the false ribs. |
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| Removal of a portion of the breast. |
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| An autoimmune, inflammatory disease which affects various tissues including the joints and kidneys. |
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| The fluid derived from the blood, which circulates in the vessels of the lymphatic system. |
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| Collection of immune cells and supportive tissue; located throughout the body. |
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| Referring to the system of vessels in the body that return intracellular fluid to the circulatory system. |
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| Type of white blood cell important in the immune system to identify, process, and fight foreign invaders. |
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| Cancer of the lymph nodes, which is one of the most common cancers in young people. The most common type of lymphoma is Hodgkin's disease, and thus any other type of lymphoma is referred to a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. |
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| The term that describes a tumour that invades and destroys the tissue in which it originates and which is capable of spreading locally or metastasising. |
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| A gland that secretes milk. |
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| A radiographic means of examining the tissues of the breast. |
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| Removal of the whole breast. |
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| Pigment in the skin, the amount of which determines the darkness of the skin. |
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| A form of skin cancer that affects the pigment producing cell in the skin and is capable of spreading rapidly through the body. |
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| 1. A thin, pliable layer of tissue covering surfaces or separating or connecting regions, structures, or organs of an animal or a plant. 2. Cell membrane. |
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| The time at which menstruation first begins. |
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| The cessation of production of an egg by the ovaries. The menopause happens naturally in women aged 45-55 years and can be induced prematurely by surgical removal of the ovaries. |
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| The periodic, 4-weekly sequence of events in sexually mature women which prepares the body for reproduction by producing an egg and growing the endometrial lining of the uterus for implantation. |
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| Physical and chemical processes that sustain a living organism by producing, storing, and using energy. |
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| Five small cylindrical bones that extend from the wrist to the fingers. |
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| The spread of cancer to distant sites in the body. |
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| Organisms, such as bacteria and viruses, that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. |
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| The process of emptying the bladder, also called voiding or urination. |
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| The section of the brain that links the forebrain and hindbrain. Thought to play an important role in migraine headaches. |
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| A throbbing or pounding headache, usually one-sided, and characterised by vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and in some cases, scintillating light sensations (called an aura) before an attack. |
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| A specialised type of tissue with the ability to contract and cause movement. |
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| A permanent change in a gene that can be transmitted to offspring. |
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| The middle layer of the heart, composed mostly of muscle. |
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| Bundles of conducting fibres. |
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| Related to the nervous system. |
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| Nerve cells with conducting fibres. |
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| Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitters |
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| A chemical substance in the brain that carries signals from one neuron to the next. |
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| Noradrenaline Norepinephrine |
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| A substance secreted into the bloodstream that causes the heart to beat faster. |
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| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Used to reduce the severity and duration of migraines. |
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| Localized groups of neurons in the brain. |
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| A large, membrane-bound, usually spherical protoplasmic structure within a living cell, containing the cell's hereditary material and controlling its metabolism, growth, and reproduction. |
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| Related to pregnancy and childbirth. |
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| Hidden; concealed; not immediately obvious or overtly expressed. |
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| Genes that cause unregulated cell growth and proliferation. |
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| Referring to the ovary, a female reproductive organ containing unfertilised eggs. |
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| Tissue and bone wall separating the oral and nasal cavities. |
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| Treatment that has no curative intent but is given to maintain quality of life and to relieve suffering in a terminally ill patient. |
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| To examine the body by feeling with the hands or fingers. |
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| Sensation that the heart is beating fast or "racing." |
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| Spongy, elongated organ that produces digestive juices, sodium bicarbonate, and insulin. |
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| An organism that lives upon or within another organism and takes advantage of that organism; common cause of infectious diseases worldwide. |
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| Parietal cell Parietal cells |
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| The cells in the stomach that produce acid. |
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| Any organism capable of causing a disease. |
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| The basin-shaped structure of the vertebrate skeleton that rests on the lower limbs and supports the spinal column. |
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| The outer fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects the heart. |
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| Referring to the perineum, the external body surface surrounding the vaginal and rectal orifices. |
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| Contractions of the muscular layers of the GI tract that propel food forward. |
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| Cell that ingests and destroys foreign substances; this process is called phagocytosis. |
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| The cone-shaped space that connects the mouth and nasal cavities to the oesophagus; it is commonly referred to as the "throat". |
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| The appearance of an individual resulting from an interaction of genetic and environmental influences. |
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| A cherry-like organ at the base of the brain responsible for controlling growth and development. |
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| In clinical trials, an inert substance identical in appearance to the substance being tested. |
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| A highly vascular organ on the inner wall of the uterus permitting exchange of gases and substances between mother and baby. |
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| 1. A small disk-shaped formation or growth; a patch. 2. A deposit of fatty material on the inner lining of an arterial wall, characteristic of atherosclerosis. |
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| The liquid portion of the blood (after the cells have been removed). |
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| Cell fragments that are important in the formation of blood clots, in the stemming of blood loss and in the repair of injury to blood vessels. |
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| Infection of the actual lung tissue (in comparison to the airways). |
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| The total number of inhabitants constituting a particular race, class, or group in a specified area. |
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| Situated nearer the rear part of the body. |
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| Surgical specialty concerned with the anus, rectum, and their diseases. |
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| The first stage of a migraine. Symptoms include |
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| A forecast of the probable future course and outcome of a disease. |
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| An agent given to prevent the occurrence of a disease or symptom(s). |
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| A structure that surrounds the upper portion of the urethra in men; secretes a thin fluid that is a component of semen. |
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| The surgical removal of the prostate gland. |
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| Referring to the prostate gland, which helps produce semen in men. |
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| An artificial device serving as a substitute for a missing or damaged body part. |
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| Fundamental components of all living cells and include many substances, such as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies, that are necessary for the proper functioning of an organism. |
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| Nearest the point of origin. |
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| An autoimmune disease affecting the skin and joints. |
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| A major mental disorder of organic or emotional origin in which there is a departure from normal patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting; commonly characterised by loss of contact with reality, delusions, or hallucinations. |
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| Part of the pulmonary circulation. It leaves the right ventricle and divides into a number of smaller arteries on entering the lungs. It carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. |
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| Curative treatment that may be quite aggressive. |
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| Study design in which subjects are randomly assigned to the different study groups, for example the active drug group or a control group being given a placebo. |
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| DNA molecules created by the fusion of DNA from different sources. |
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| Sources of biological or chemical material that can be used as the starting blocks in laboratory experiments. |
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| Terminal segment of the large intestine that serves as a reservoir for faeces. |
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| An involuntary response or movement, often mediated by the spinal cord. |
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| A protein secreted by the kidneys that raises blood pressure back to normal when it begins to fall. |
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| Genetic material, composed of a single strand of nucleic acid, the primary function of which is protein synthesis. |
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| Referring to the area around the base of the spine (tailbone). |
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| SAE serious adverse event |
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| Any untoward medical occurrence that at any dose results in death or is life-threatening. |
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| A secretion in the mouth that lubricates food. |
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| White, oily substances that are solid at room temperature and whose main component is saturated fatty acids (fatty acids lacking double bonds), as found in animal fats and tropical oils. |
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| A drug that produces a state of rest or sleep. |
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| Characterised by little or no physical activity. |
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| The sperm-rich fluid ejaculated from the penis at sexual climax. |
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| The study of in vitro interactions of antibodies with antigens. |
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| A neurotransmitter involved in mood, sleep and pain transmission. |
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| The watery portion of an animal fluid remaining after coagulation |
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| The chromosomes involved in sex determination (X and Y in humans). |
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| Inflammation of the sinuses. |
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| A pathological cessation of breathing that occurs when the individual is asleep, which may be due to a neurological or physical cause, or a combination of both. |
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| Capable of being dissolved. |
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| Relating to the body wall i.e. excluding the viscera. |
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| Organism classification that includes individuals that share the same heredity, are similar in morphology and behaviour, and can produce similar offspring. |
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| A motile male gamete (sperm). |
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| Circular muscle that constricts to close and relaxes to open a passageway. |
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| A cuff wrapped around an extremity (usually the upper arm) to measure blood pressure; a blood pressure cuff. |
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| An instrument for measuring blood pressure. |
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| A device that measures the force of exhalation. |
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| Defining the stage at which a tumour is at to help decisions on the most appropriate treatment. |
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| Immature (precursor) cells from which mature cells arise. |
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| The organ responsible for preparing food for digestion. |
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| Waste matter eliminated from the bowels in a single bowel movement |
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| Streptococcal pharyngitis, or inflammation of the pharynx, usually caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Symptoms include red and sore throat, difficulty in swallowing, fever, swollen neck lymph nodes, nausea and loss of appetite, among others. |
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| The sudden loss of neurologic function due to brain ischaemia or haemorrhage, causing damage or death of brain tissue also called a cerebrovascular accident or CVA. |
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| A formulation designed to be inserted into the rectum, where it dissolves, releasing the active drug. |
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| The coexistence of bacteria and their human hosts in commensal, mutualistic, or parasitic relationships. |
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| Physical manifestations of disease as experienced by the patient. |
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| Temporary loss of consciousness resulting from lack of oxygen to the brain; fainting spell. |
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| Aggregation of signs and symptoms that together constitute a picture of a disease. |
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| Involving the whole body. |
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| Contraction of the heart, providing the pumping action for driving blood through the circulation. |
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| One of the two major lymphocyte classes that mediate the immune process. |
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| A strong, whitish coloured cord of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones. |
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| Literally, monster forming. Any drug or agent that will cause birth defects if taken during pregnancy. |
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| The male gonads and main site of testosterone production. |
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| The main male sex hormone responsible for the growth and maintenance of the secondary sexual characteristics (body and facial hair, vocal cord thickening, increased musculature). |
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| The part of the brain involved in relaying sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex. |
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| Any agent (drug, gene, protein or other molecule) that is beneficial in a disease-healing process. |
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| Obstruction of blood vessels by unnecessary blood clots |
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| The formation of blood clots at sites where they are not required to prevent blood loss. |
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| Section of an organ that consists of a largely homogenous population of cell types. |
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| The degree to which a substance is poisonous or harmful. |
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| Hollow, flexible, but sturdy air tube located in the lower respiratory tract that contains C-shaped cartilage in its walls; provides a passageway through which air can reach the lungs; also known as the windpipe. |
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| The main nerve that transmits sensations from the face and head to the brain. |
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| An agent or event that causes a response. |
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| A contagious infection primarily affecting the lungs and sometimes other organs, caused by Myobacterium tuberculosis. |
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| Tumor Tumors Tumour Tumours |
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| A mass of differentiated cancer cells that are growing as an autonomous organ and are vascularised (have a blood supply). |
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| The bone on the little-finger side of the human forearm that forms with the humerus the elbow joint and serves as a pivot in rotation of the hand. |
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| Procedure to create an image of various organs in the body by sending out high-frequency sound waves, which get reflected by the internal structures. |
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| Tube carrying urine from the kidney to the bladder. |
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| To discharge urine from the body. |
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| A treatment approach in which no immediate action is taken to treat the patient. |
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| Blood cell whose chief function is to protect the body from microorganisms that cause disease. |
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| In mammals, the sex chromosome that is found in two copies in the homogametic sex (female in humans) and one copy in the heterogametic sex (male in humans). |
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| Photography of the internal structures by the passage of X-rays through the body. |
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| Diseases spread to humans from animal reservoirs. |
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